Using Flooring & Surface Contrast as Wayfinding Cues
Flooring is a powerful but often misused wayfinding tool. This guide explains how to use floor colour, surface transitions, and contrast patterns to support navigation while avoiding the common flooring mistakes that increase falls and anxiety for residents with dementia.
Flooring is arguably the most underutilised wayfinding tool in care home design. Residents look at the floor constantly as they walk, making floor surfaces a continuous source of navigational information. However, flooring can also be one of the most dangerous sources of misinformation. Research from the DSDC and the University of Stirling has documented numerous cases where well-intentioned flooring choices, such as dark threshold strips, patterned carpets, or high-gloss vinyl, have caused residents with dementia to hesitate, trip, or refuse to cross from one area to another.
How Dementia Affects Floor Perception#
People living with dementia frequently misinterpret visual information from the floor. A dark strip across a doorway may be perceived as a step, a hole, or a wet patch. A patterned carpet with swirling designs can appear to move, causing dizziness and anxiety. A glossy floor surface reflecting overhead lights can look wet or icy. These misperceptions are not irrational; they are the predictable consequence of how dementia affects visual processing, specifically depth perception, contrast sensitivity, and figure-ground discrimination. Understanding these effects is essential for making flooring choices that support rather than hinder navigation.
Evidence-based flooring guidelines for dementia care:
- Use plain, unpatterned flooring in corridors and communal areas to avoid visual misinterpretation
- Maintain a consistent floor colour within each area, changing colour only at genuine transitions between spaces
- Avoid dark threshold strips, which are commonly perceived as obstacles or voids by residents with dementia
- Choose matt or low-sheen floor finishes to eliminate reflective glare that mimics wet surfaces
- Use gentle colour transitions between rooms to signal a change of space without creating a visual barrier
- Ensure floor colour contrasts with skirting boards and walls so residents can perceive the boundary of the walking surface
Flooring as a Positive Wayfinding Cue#
When used correctly, flooring provides continuous wayfinding information that complements wall-mounted signage. A corridor with a warm-toned floor leading to the dining room and a cool-toned floor leading to the lounge creates a subconscious colour association that reinforces other wayfinding cues. The key principle is gentle contrast: floor colour should change gradually at transitions, with the new colour clearly different but not so dramatic that it appears to be a step or obstacle. A 15 to 20 point LRV difference between adjacent floor areas provides a noticeable change without triggering a depth perception error.
Pro Tip
When choosing new flooring, test samples on-site under your actual lighting conditions. Lay sample tiles at the transitions between rooms and corridors and observe resident reactions. If any resident hesitates, steps high, or avoids crossing the transition, the contrast is either too dark or too abrupt.
Common Flooring Mistakes to Avoid#
The single most common flooring mistake in care homes is installing dark threshold strips at doorways. These are often installed for practical reasons such as covering carpet-to-vinyl transitions, but they are consistently misperceived by residents with dementia as steps, gaps, or obstacles. The DSDC strongly recommends flush, colour-matched transitions wherever possible. Other frequent mistakes include using high-gloss vinyl (perceived as wet), installing busy patterned carpet (perceived as moving or containing objects on the floor), and using very dark flooring near walls (perceived as a void or drop-off).
Falls prevention
Flooring-related misperceptions are a significant contributor to falls in care homes. The NHS estimates that falls cost the UK health system over one billion pounds annually, and dementia-related environmental falls represent a substantial proportion. Correct flooring design is one of the most cost-effective falls prevention measures available.
Flooring design should be considered alongside signage, lighting, and colour as part of a comprehensive wayfinding strategy. When all these elements work in harmony, residents receive consistent, reinforcing messages about where they are and where they can go, significantly reducing disorientation and improving both safety and independence.
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